The success of Augustus in establishing principles of dynastic succession was limited by his outliving a number of talented potential heirs: the Julio-Claudian dynastyВ lasted for four more emperorsвЂ” Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, and NeroвЂ”before it yielded in 69 AD to the strife-torn Year of Four Emperors, from which VespasianВ emerged as victor.Vespasian became the founder of the brief Flavian dynasty, to be followed by the NervaвЂ“Antonine dynastyВ which produced the ' Five Good Emperors': Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus PiusВ and the philosophically inclined Marcus Aurelius. The sixty years of JewishвЂ“Roman warsВ in the second half of the first century and the first half of the 2nd century were exceptional in their duration and violence. Uprisings in the provinces were infrequent, but put down 'mercilessly and swiftly' when they occurred, В as in BritainВ and Gaul. During this period, the cohesion of the Empire was furthered by participation in civic life, economic ties, and shared cultural, legal and religious norms.

During this period, the cohesion of the Empire was furthered by participation in civic life, economic ties, and shared cultural, legal and religious norms. It was Augustus, however, who established the precedent that the emperor controlled the final decisions, backed up by military force.The reign of Augustus, from 27 BC to 14 AD, was portrayed inВ Augustan literatureВ and art as a new 'Golden Age.' Augustus laid out an enduring ideological foundation for the three centuries of the Empire known as theВ PrincipateВ (27 BCвЂ“284 AD), the first 200 years of which is traditionally regarded as theВ Pax Romana. Consuls continued to be elected,tribunes of the peopleВ continued to put forth legislation, and senators still debated in theВ curia. He rejected titles that Romans associated with monarchy, and instead referred to himself as theВ princeps, 'leading citizen'.

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